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32Ge72.631
Germanium
MetalloidGermanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.
Phase: SolidAppearance: grayish-white
2, 8, 18, 4
Physical Properties
Atomic Mass72.6308 u
Density5.323 g/cm³
Melting Point1211.4 K
Boiling Point3106 K
Molar Heat23.222 J/(mol·K)
Period4
PhaseSolid
Chemical Properties
Electron Configuration1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2
Semantic Config[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Shells2, 8, 18, 4
Electron Affinity118.9352 kJ/mol
Electronegativity2.01
Ionization Energies
IE1: 762 kJ/molIE2: 1537.5 kJ/molIE3: 3302.1 kJ/molIE4: 4411 kJ/molIE5: 9020 kJ/mol
Discovery
Discovered byClemens Winkler